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  s m -s m e 0 01-0504 http:// www . f dk.c om s t eppi ng motor  applications mobile equ i pment digit a l cameras, mobile e quipment s, pda, etc. office auto mation equipment printers, facsimiles, t y pe writers, photocopiers, fdd head d r ive s , cd-rom pickup drives, scanners, etc. audio-visual equipment v i deo cameras, digit a l ca meras, etc. measuring instrument s automotive odometers, v a rious integr ating meters and counters game equipment pachinko machines, etc .  s t ructure and operation s pecifically , a ro t a ting field is g ener ated by applyi ng alte rnating curre nt to the sole noid coils o f two st ators, which are sandwiched b e t ween yokes. these yokes have the same number of teeth as the poles of the rotor magnet. the st ators are positioned so that their electric phase angles are 90 deg rees a p art. s t epper motors conver t electric pulses into increment al mechanical motions. fd k's steppe r motors have a claw-pole yoke stru cture with a cylindrical permanent magnet rotor , as illustrated belo w . these motors rot a te when a rot a ting magnetic fie l d is genera t ed and wh en the roto r magnet is sy nchronized wi th the rot a ting magnetic field.  code names
s m -s m e 0 01-0504  rotor magnet s the followin g types of f d k magnet s are use d in rotors to match each of the dive rse steppe r moto r applications. rotors are the most import ant compone nt o f stepper moto rs, and fdk uses it s original magn et s in rotors. # #  / 'fssju f  q mbt u jd nb h ofu 'fssjuf 3bsf f bsui 1 p mfp sjfou fe bojt p u sp q jd bojt p u sp q j d 3ft j e v bm j oe vdu jp o # s n 5
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# #  / note: * "external dime nsions" refer to the thr e e measuremen t s shown in the lef t hand drawin g. * white circles indicate models unde r devel opment . http:// www . f dk.c om
s m -s m e 0 01-0504  shapes and dimensions these drawi ngs are full-scale. pl ease see page 8 for shaft length. http:// www . f dk.c om
s m -s m e 0 01-0504 http:// www . f dk.c om
s m -s m e 0 01-0504  standard flanges 1. flange shapes shorten the d e liver y perio d and red u ce the initial costs. special-shape flan ges are avail able on a customized-design basis. the standar d flange shapes of fdk stepper motor s are divid ed i n to round a p e rture typ e s and screw types. these standard shapes are inte nded to unit:mm 5z q f ob n f ' mb ohfuz q f ' jyjohtdsfx e 4 1 - % 3 4.  .       ?        4.&  .    ?        4.1  .    ?        4.&  .    ?       4.'  .    ?       .        ?      .   .    ?      4.#   4.+ 4.8  .  .    ?       4.+ .        ?      http:// www . f dk.c om
s m -s m e 0 01-0504 2. flange a ngle  shaft length the shaft length is measu r ed from the outer flange surface, and is determined throug h c onsultation betwee n the customer and our engi ne ers.  lead wire length the lead wir e length is measured fro m the outer circumference of the step per motor to the near- end of the connector (or to th e end of the core wire of the lead wire when ther e i s no connector). the normal tolera nce is 10 mm. http:// www . f dk.c om
s m -s m e 0 01-0504  lead wires fdk also provides standa rd lead wir e s with regard t o wire color, thickness, steppe r motor rotational dir e ctions, and other as pects. exampl es are shown belo w . 1. standard colors and rotational directions (in two-phase excitation) http:// www . f dk.c om
s m -s m e 0 01-0504 2. standard lead wires ? : standa rd  : s e mi-s tandard 6- 6- 6- 6- 6- 6- "8( " 8(         frvjwbmfou frvjwbmfou 4.&   ? ? 4.1     ? ? 4.&   ? ? 4 . '   ?? 4 . +   ?? 4 . #   ? ? 4 . +   ? ? 4 . 8   ? ? 5zq f 6-tuboebsexjsft 4uzmfovncfs 8 jsfejbnfufs 3. ul electri c wire st andards 5fnqfsbuvsf 7 pmubhf .bufsjbmt .jouijdloftt nn
17$ dsp ttmjolfe  1 7 $ 6- ? 7 4fnjibse17$  $4""8. 6- ? 7 $spttmjolfe17$  ? 6-  ? 7 5ifsn p sftjtubou17$    $4"53 ~ ?
6- ? 7 $spttmjolfe17$   $4"3 & 8 6- ? 7 $spttmjolfe1&  $4""8. 4uzmfovncfs 3 b ufe * otvmbujpo 3f nbs l t 6- ? 7 ? http:// www . f dk.c om
http://www.fdk.co.jp sm-sme007-0301 when ordering stepper motors how to place orders when ordering our stepper motors, please provide the following information so we can recommend the most suitable models. * information items 1)~5), or 6)~9), provide us with the minimum data needed to know your requirements. please be sure to fill i n these items. * in case you have not selected a specific stepper motor model, indicate the acceptable ranges of the motor s external dimensions. (for exam- ple, 42 max.) * to speed up the delivery of samples, we would prefer to apply our standard specifications to the samples insofar as possible, and omit the gears and connectors from them. * we cannot produce an approved specification paper, unless we reach an agreement with our customers on major specifications. 1) model sm rotor material specify if any: [ ] 2) voltage dc [ ] v 3) number of steps [ ]steps / rev. 4) excitation mode 2-phase 1-phase 1/2 step 5) drive mode unipolar bipolar 6) winding resistance [] ? /phase (at 25 ? c) 7) current [ ] ma/phase max. (at pps) 8) holding torque [ ] mn m min. (2-phase 1-phase) 9) dynamic torque pull (out in) [ ] mn m min. (at pps) pull (out in) [ ] mn m min. (at pps) pull (out in) [ ] mn m min. (at pps) 10) drive circuit constant voltage/chopper (please attach additional information material on chopper current, electronic chips, etc.) 11) external dimensions round hole tapped hole m lead wire length: l mm pinion gear needed/not needed/ not needed for samples modules [ ] no. teeth [ ] additional information on gear specification accuracy jgma 6 14 25 36 pin location * please provide specific values in [ ]. if these values are not given, we will apply our standard values. note that, for desi gn reasons, it may become necessary to change your specified values. 12) connector needed/not needed/not needed for samples model [ ] 13) lead wire specify if any: [ ] 14) select from q through r to indicate the most important factor in deciding specifications. q resistance (priority over torque and current) w torque (priority over resistance and current) e current (priority over torque and resistance) r other factors [ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) l l ( ) 5
http://www.fdk.co.jp sm-sme008-0301 drive fdk s stepper motors also offer selections in excitation modes, drive modes, and circuit formats. below are examples of popular options. 1. drive modes lead wires: 4 bidirectional current a a b b +v motor b motor a a b b a a b +v lead wires: 6 mode stepper motor basic circuit remarks widely used because of simple drive circuit design. motor windings are used efficiently. large torque is obtained relative to motor size. increasingly used due to availability of monolithic ic drive circuits. chopper control enables application of a high voltage to the coil. a quick current start is realized. a low power loss is ensured. the switching period of current is determined by the following excitation modes: q self excitation the on-off frequency is dependent on the time constant of the coil. w separate excitation also called pwm mode , this separate excitation mode can vary the on time within the switching period of a high-frequency reference oscillator. unipolar drive bipolar drive chopper drive coil current detection resistance reference voltage pulse control circuit converter voltage current example of voltage/ current waveforms
http://www.fdk.co.jp sm-sme008-0301 2. excitation modes when using stepper motors 1. the characteristics of stepper motors are affected by their drive circuits. please disign the circuit carefully. 2. temperature is also an influential factor. be sure to operate the stepper motors within the permissible temperature range. 3. when test-driving stepper motors, check their service life, vibration, noise, etc. a a b b a a b b b b a a mode explanation excitation sequence (h: on, l: off) only one phase excited at a time. low power consumption. two phases excited at a time. large torque output, although consuming 2 times more power than single phase. small damping oscillation, and wide-range responses. most popularly used excitation mode. b a single-phase excitation two-phase excitation half-step excitation w half-step excitation alternating single- and two-phase excitation modes. consumes 1.5 times more power than single phase. step angle equal to half of single- and two-phase step angles, thus called half- step drive . two times wider response frequency range. also called microstep drive, this excitation features finer step angles through the control of current. its step angle is half of the half- step excitation, and quarter of the two-phase excitation. this excitation mode is used to obtain finer step motions or smoother rotations.
http://www.fdk.co.jp sm-sme009-0301 stepper motor terminology term holding torque detent torque ? t (stiffness) characteristics dynamic characteristics (torque vs. frequency) pull-in characteristics pull-in range pull-in torque pull-out characteristics pull-out range pull-out torque maximum starting rate maximum slewing rate step position error meaning the maximum torque generated to counter an external torque, which is applied to the shaft when the motor is in a stationary excited state. same as holding torque, except the motor is left in a stationary non-excited state. relation between the displacement angle and torque when an external torque is applied to the shaft of the motor in a stationary excited state. relation between the drive frequency and torque, as shown by lines a and b in the graph below. a pull-in (starting) characteristics: relation between the input frequency and the maximum (pull-in) torque capable of starting the motor at this input frequency level. b pull-out (slewing) characteristics: relation between the input frequency and the maximum torque obtainable by synchronizing the motor rotation with this input frequency, which has been gradually increased after the start of the motor in the pull-in range. the area shaded by solid lines indicates the pull-in range. stepper motors can be operated without problem as long as the operation characteristics are in this range. the area marked by dots indicates the pull-out range. if the operation characteristic is in the area, the motor speed must be properly adjusted. the highest frequency at which the motor can be started and halted in synch with the input signals under a no-load condition (indicated by point c in the above graph). the highest frequency at which the motor can be rotated in synch under a no-load condition, when the starting frequency is gradually increased (indicated by point d in the above graph). the maximum positive or negative error caused when the motor has rotated one step from a holding position to the next position, and is expressed in angular measure or the ratio of the error angle to the step angle. step position error = | [measured step angle] [theoretical step angle] | (note: max. value) holding torque t (torque) (angle) torque (mn m) frequency (pps) pps: pulses per second a b d c
http://www.fdk.co.jp sm-sme009-0301 d 1 : outer diameter (cm) d 2 : inner diameter (cm) : density r : height j : inertia (g cm 2 ) position error hysteresis position error moment of inertia single step response/ indicial response stepping rate/ revolving speed (rps, rpm) the motor is stepped n times ( n = 360 / step angle ) from any initial position, and the angle from the initial position is measured. this routine is repeated for all the different initial positions. if the measured angle to the n-step position is n and the error is ? n , then we have: ? n = n (step angle) n the position error is equal to the differential of the maximum and minimum ? n , and is normally expressed with a sign. that is: position error= | ? (max) ? (min) | the values obtained from the above position errors, when the measurement is taken in both clockwise and counterclockwise stepping directions. the inertia of matter rotating around an axis is expressed as: j= ? r 2 dv ( : density, r: distance from axis, dv: cubic factor) for example, the inertia of the righthand cylinder rotating around its own central axis obtained by: j= r (d 1 4 d 2 4 ) although the motor has its own inertia, its pull-in characteristics are changed when the load is given a large inertia. the larger the load inertia, the smaller the pull-in area, as shown in the graph below. e pull-in characteristics when there is no load inertia. f pull-in characteristics when linked to a large load inertia. while the stepper motor performs its stepping operation whenever the excitation condition is switched, it comes to a complete halt only after the attenuation of vibration. the revolving speed of the stepper motor is usually expressed in pps (pulses per second), or sometimes in the number of steps per second. the relationship between the drive frequency and the rotational speed is as follows: q rotational speed (rps: revolutions per second) =frequency (pps) w rotational speed (rpm: revolutions per minute) = rps 60 32 d 2 d 1 r e f tr ts tr: rise time ts: settling time angle pulse 360 single-step angle () 1 2
http://www.fdk.co.jp sm-sme010-0301 appendix 1. inertia conversion table 2. torque conversion table kg cm 2 kg cm s 2 g cm 2 g cm s 2 ib in 2 ib in s 2 oz in 2 oz in s 2 ib ft 2 ib ft s 2 kg cm 2 1 1.01972 10 3 1.01972 0.341716 8.85073 5.46745 1.41612 2.37303 7.37561 10 -3 10 -4 10 -2 10 -3 10 -5 kg cm s 2 980.665 1 980.665 10 3 335.109 0.867960 5.36174 13.8874 2.32714 7.23300 10 3 10 3 10 -2 g cm 2 10 -3 1.01972 1 1.01972 3.41716 8.85073 5.46745 1.41612 2.37303 7.37561 10 -6 10 -3 10 -4 10 -7 10 -3 10 -5 10 -6 10 -8 g cm s 2 0.980665 10 -3 980.665 1 0.335109 8.67960 5.36174 1.38874 2.32714 7.23300 10 -4 10 -2 10 -3 10 -5 ib in 2 2.92641 2.98411 2.92641 2.98411 1 2.59009 16 4.14414 6.94444 2.15840 10 -3 10 3 10 -3 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4 ib in s 2 1.12985 1.15213 1.12985 1.15213 386.088 1 6.17740 16 2.68117 8.33333 10 3 10 6 10 3 10 3 10 -2 oz in 2 0.182901 1.86507 182.901 0.186507 0.0625 1.61880 1 2.59009 4.34028 1.34900 10 -4 10 -4 10 -3 10 -4 10 -5 oz in s 2 70.6157 72.0079 70.6157 72.0079 24.1305 6.25 386.088 1 0.107573 5.20833 10 -3 10 3 10 -2 10 -3 ib ft 2 421.403 0.429711 421.403 429.711 144 0.372972 2304 5.96756 1 3.10810 10 3 10 -2 ib ft s 2 1.35582 13.8255 1.35582 1.38255 4.63305 12 7.41289 192 32.1740 1 10 4 10 7 10 4 10 3 10 4 b a n m dyn cm kg mkg cm g cm oz in lb in ib ft n m1 10 7 0.101972 10.1972 1.01972 141.612 8.85074 0.737562 10 4 dyn cm 10 -7 1 1.01972 1.01972 1.01972 1.41612 8.85074 7.37562 10 -8 10 -6 10 -3 10 -5 10 -7 10 -8 kg m 9.80665 9.80665 110 2 10 5 1.38874 86.7962 7.23301 10 7 10 3 kg cm 9.80665 9.80665 10 -2 110 3 13.8874 0.867962 7.23301 10 -2 10 5 10 -2 g cm 9.80665 9.80665 10 -5 10 -3 1 1.38874 8.67962 7.23301 10 -5 10 2 10 -2 10 -4 10 -5 oz in 7.06155 7.06155 72.0077 72.0077 72.0077 1 6.25 5.20833 10 -3 10 4 10 -5 10 -3 10 -2 10 -3 lb in 0.112985 1.12985 1.15212 1.15212 1.15212 16 1 8.33333 10 6 10 -2 10 3 10 -2 ib ft 1.35582 1.35582 0.138255 1.38255 1.38255 192 12 1 10 7 10 10 4 b a to convert an a unit into a b unit, multiply the a-unit value with the corresponding number listed in the above table. example: 5g cm 2 =5 5.46745 10 -3 oz in 2 to convert an a unit into a bunit, multiply the a-unit value with the corresponding number listed in the above table. example: 100g cm=100 9.80665 10 -5 n m =100 9.80665 10 -2 mn m


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